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245	0	0	_aEpidemiological risk factors for cancers of the lung, breast, colon-rectum and oral cavity: _ba case-control study in the Philippines / _cCorazon A. Ngelangel [and three others]
520	3		_aINTRODUCTION: In the Philippines, lung, breast, colon-rectum, and oral cavity cancers are among the top 10 most common cancers. This study evaluates the risk factors for these cancers among Filipinos. METHODS: This age-matched case-control study included incident primary cancers (histologically-diagnosed) of the lung, breast (also matched for sex), colon-rectum and oral cavity. Controls (clinically free and no history of cancer) were obtained from the same tertiary hospitals as the cases. Target sample size was 283 cases and 283 controls per cancer type. Conditional logistic regression was done. RESULTS: Exposure to cigarette/tobacco was a significant risk factor for lung (OR of current smoker compared to non-smoker [95% Confidence Interval]: 3.6 [1.6-7.9]) and oral cavity cancers (2.0 [1.2-3.3]); family history (1st degree) for lung (4.3 [1.314.2]) and breast cancers (3.0 [1.2-7.5]); every year increase in age at first pregnancy for breast cancer (1.06 [1.02-1.11]). Other risk factors for oral cavity were passive smoking (2.8 [1.6-5.1]), chewing tobacco (5.2[1.4-19.5]) and inverted cigarette smoking (3.2[1.3-8.1]). Fish sauce (patis) was found to be a protective factor for breast cancer (0.34 [0.22-0.51]) and oral cavity (0.44 [0.25-0.78]) and use of shrimp paste (bagoong) (0.48 [0.27-0.84]) for oral cavity. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Except for family history of cancer, the identified risk factors for lung, colon-rectum, and oral cavity cancers are preventable. Proper diet and lifestyle, avoidance of cigarettes and tobacco, and environmental safety in the workplace are key cancer prevention measures. Public awareness campaign and continuing healthcare provider education must always be part of a cancer prevention program.
580			_aActa Medica Philippina, 2009 43 ( 4 ) pages 29-34
650		2	_aLung Neoplasms
650		2	_aBreast Neoplasms
650		2	_aRectal Neoplasms
650		2	_aColonic Neoplasms
650		2	_aMouth
650		2	_aRisk Factors
700	1		_a Ngelangel, Corazon A.
700	1		_a Javelosa, Mark Anthony U.
700	1		_aCutiongco-dela Paz, Eva Maria
710	2		_aThe Philippine Cancer G. Study Group Publication Information
942			_cJA
999			_c3446 _d3446